Copper is listed on the periodic table as Cu (atomic number 29) and is the second-best conductor of electricity and heat after silver. Copper that is commercially supplied is typically purer than 99 percent. The remaining 1% typically consists of contaminants like oxygen, lead, or silver.
Copper 101
Copper 101, or oxygen-free copper, is the name to an extremely pure metal that comes in at about 99.99% Cu. This high purity level gives it exceptional conductivity, so it is often referred to as HC (high conductivity) copper. It also serves as the base material for brass and bronze alloys. Its high conductivity makes it ideal for busbars, waveguides, and coaxial cables.
Copper 101 Properties
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Tensile Strength, Yield (MPa) |
Fatigue Strength (MPa) |
Elongation at Break (%) |
Hardness (Brinell) |
Density (g/cm^3) |
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69 to 365 |
90 |
55 |
81 |
8.89 to 8.94 |
Copper C110
Copper C110, or Electrolytic Tough Pitch (ETP) Copper, is another highly pure option. It is not as pure as copper 101, however, instead weighing in at 99.90% Cu. It is the most widely used copper alloy because it is more cost-effective and suitable for most electrical applications. This grade is also easier to machine than copper 101.
Copper C110 Properties
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Tensile Strength, Yield (MPa) |
Fatigue Strength (MPa) |
Elongation at Break (%) |
Hardness (Brinell) |
Density (g/cm^3) |
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76 |
76 |
45 |
57 |
8.89 |
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Copper, 29Cu |
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Copper |
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Appearance |
red-orange metallic luster |
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Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cu) |
· 63.546±0.003 · 63.546±0.003 (abridged)[1] |
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Atomic number (Z) |
29 |
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Group |
group 11 |
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Period |
period 4 |
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Block |
d-block |
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Electron configuration |
[Ar] 3d10 4s1 |
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Electrons per shell |
2, 8, 18, 1 |
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Physical properties |
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Phase at STP |
solid |
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Melting point |
1357.77 K (1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F) |
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Boiling point |
2835 K (2562 °C, 4643 °F) |
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Density (near r.t.) |
8.96 g/cm3 |
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when liquid (at m.p.) |
8.02 g/cm3 |
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Heat of fusion |
13.26 kJ/mol |
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Heat of vaporization |
300.4 kJ/mol |
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Molar heat capacity |
24.440 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
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Atomic properties |
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Oxidation states |
−2, 0,[2] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) |
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Electronegativity |
Pauling scale: 1.90 |
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Ionization energies |
· 1st: 745.5 kJ/mol · 2nd: 1957.9 kJ/mol · 3rd: 3555 kJ/mol · (more) |
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Atomic radius |
empirical: 128 pm |
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Covalent radius |
132±4 pm |
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Van der Waals radius |
140 pm |
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